文章详细
开头：
When it comes to ..., some think ...
There is a public debate today that ...
A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?
Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.
提出观点：
Now there is a growing awareness that...
It is time we explore the truth of ...
Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.
进一步提出观点：
... but that is only part of the history.
Another equally important aspect is ...
A is but one of the many effects. Another is ...
Besides, other reasons are...
提出假想例子的方式：
Suppose that...
Just imagine what would be like if...
It is reasonable to expect...
It is not surprising that...
举普通例子：
For example(instance),...
... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)
A good case in point is...
A particular example for this is...
引用：
One of the greatest early writers said ...
"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...
"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).
"......". How often we hear such words like there.
讲故事
（先说故事主体），this story is not rare.
..., such delimma we often meet in daily life.
..., the story still has a realistic significance.
提出原因：
There are many reasons for ...
Why .... , for one thing,...
The answer to this problem involves many factors.
Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...
The first reason can be obiviously seen.
Most people would agree that...
Some people may neglect that in fact ...
Others suggest that...
Part of the explanation is ...
进行对比：
The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...
Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...
Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.
A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...
承上启下：
To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...
A study of ... will make this point clear
让步：
Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...
I do not deny that A has its own merits.
结尾：
>From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw
the conclusion that ...
In summary, it is wiser ...
In short...
在作文中引用合适的名言警句，会给你的文章增色许多。这里收集了我本人喜爱
的一些名言，可能会对你有用。我们使用引用的位置可以在开头结尾或正文段落
中，
常见的使用形式如下：
One of the greatest early writers said ...
"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...
"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).
"......". How often we hear such words like there.
Useful quotations
逆境
by Robert Collier
In every adversity there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage. In
every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory
next time.
努力与成功
by Ann Landers
Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people
don"t recognize them.
坚持
by Ralph Waldo Emerson
No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves.
Confucius 孔子
Our greatest glory is not in never falling...
but in rising every time we fall.
坚持
Mother Teresa
To keep a lamp burning we have to keep putting oil in it.
Henry Ford
Nothing is particularly hard if you pide it inuo small jobs.
Winston Churchill
Never, never, never, never give up.
Albert Einstein
In uhe middle of difficulty lies opportunity.
努力与成功
by Crassus
Those who aim at great deeds must suffer greatly.
Thomas Edison
There is no substitute for hard work.
Leo Tolstoi
The strongest of all warriors are these two- Time and Patience.
Thomas Jefferson
I"m a great believer in luck,
and I find the harder I work...
the more I have of it.
Robert Collier
Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.
Ray A. Croc
Luck is a pidend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you
get.
实际经验与间接经验
You"ll learn more about a road by traveling it...
than by consulting all the maps in the world.
动机与结果
Vince Lombardi
Winning isn"t everything...
but wanting to win is.
John F. Kennedy
We choose to go!to the moon and other things , oot because they are
easy, but because they are hard.
Thucydides
The strong do what they will.
The weak do what they must.
为人态度：
John Wooden
Talent is God given--Be Humble.
Fame is man given-- Be Thankful.
Conceit is self given --Be Careful.
行动：
Theodore Roosevelt
Do what you can , with what you have , with where you are.
Publilius Syrus Maxim
No one knows what he can do till he tries.
Terence
There is nothing so easy but that it becomes difficult when you do it
reluctantly.
Thomas Fuller
A wise man turns chance into good fortune.
William Hazlitt
Prosperity is a great teacher;
adversity is a greater.
William Penn
No pains, no palm;
no thorns, no throne;
no gall , no glory;
no cross, no crown.
Will Rogers
Even if you"re on the right track, you"ll get run over... if you just
sit there.
Opportunity rarely knocks on your door.
Knock rather on opportunity"s door if you ardently wish to enter.
成功与失败
Vince Lombardi
It"s not whether you get knocked down.
...It"s whether you get up again.
Winston Churchill
An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity;
a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.
热情（年轻/年老）
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.
信心
James Allen
The will to do springs from the knowledge that we can do.
Samuel Johnson
Few things are impossible to diligence and skill.
Aughey
Lost time is never found again.
Voltaire
No problem can stand the assault of sustained thinking.
Napoleon
Victory belongs to the most persevering.
细心
Euipides
Leave no stone unturned.
计划与工作
Norman Vincent Peale
Plan your work for today and every day;
then work your plan.
Henry Ford
Failure is only the opportunity to more intelligently begin again.
Thomas Edison
I start where the last man left off.
理想与现实
What the mind of man can conceive and believe,
the mind of a man can achieve.
勤奋
Benjamin Franklin
Plough deep while sluggards sleep.
目标
Henry David Thoreau
In the lone run men hit only what they aim at.
幸运
Emily Dickinson
Luck is not chance...
It"s toil...
Fortune"s expensive smile is earned.
勤奋
Thomas Edison
Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent
perspiration.
Useful Quotations
想象力
Albert Einstein
Imagination is more important than knowledge.
挑战：
Walter Begehot
The great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do.
机会与准备
Abraham Lincoln
I will prepare and some day my chance will come.
信心与事实
Henry Ford
Whether you think you can or think you can"t -- you are right.
English Proverb
Where there"s a will there"s a way.
There is no failure excepting no longer trying.
Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity.
下面是几个不错的摸版：
Recently there is a debate over whether …..Some people assert that..,
while other people believe that…As a matter of fact, the issue of whether
….. is a complex and controversial one. Different people hold different
views due to their distinct backgrounds. Therefore, there is not a
universal answer to this question, and whether one choice takes precedence
over the other may quite depend on the specific situation. The decision,
nevertheless, is not an easy one to make. Actually, the final judgment
should rely on a case-by-case analysis. As far as I am concerned, however,
I agree that …. , and do not agree that….. My view can be greatly
substantiated by the following discussions.
The first argument that can be presented to develop my position is that… A
good example may be found in the case that… Under this circumstance, it is
obvious that….
In addition, there is another reason for me to choose this statement. The
reason is not far to seek…. To illustrate, let us consider that … Hence,
another equally important aspect is that….
Admittedly, it may be true that …. in some conditions. However, this alone
does not constitute a sufficient support to claim that ….,Actually, these
cases are rare and therefore are too specific and too weak to strengthen
the view that…When the advantages and disadvantages of x and y are
carefully examined, the most striking conclusion is obvious that…
To sum up, due to the above mentioned reasons, which sometimes correlate
with each other to generate an integrate whole and thus become more
convincing than any single one of them, we may be comfortable to say that
…., because….
In this argument, the author concludes that… To support his conclusion,
the author points out that…. In addition, the author reasons that…
Further more, he also assumes that … . At first glance, the author’s
argument appears to be somehow appealing, while a close examination will
reveal how groundless it is. We do not have to look very far to see the
invalidity of this argument. This argument is problematic for the following
reasons.
In the first place, this argument rests on a gratuitous assumption that ….
The author unfairly assumes that…. However, the assumption is questionable
because the author provides no evidence to support this argument. The
arguer fails to take into account other facts that might contribute to the
result that …….. It is likely that , ……………..; it is also likely that
………………………… Any of these scenarios, if true, would show that
…………………..
Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.
In the second place, the argument commits a logic fallacy of “after this
and therefore because of this”. In no case can the mere fact that… be
cited as evidence to support the assumption that there is a causal-effect
relationship between A and B. Moreover, that just because B can be
statistically correlated with A does not necessarily mean that A is the
cause of B. In fact, the author has obviously neglected the possibility of
other alternative facts such as…, or … may contribute to a certain extent
to B. It may be only a coincidence that …… . Unless the author can rule
out other factors relevant to …, this assumption in question can not be
accepted.
In the third place, the evidence that the author provides is insufficient
to support the conclusion drawn from it. One example is rarely sufficient
to establish a general conclusion. Unless the arguer can show that A1 is
representative of all A, the conclusion that B… is completely unwarranted.
In fact, in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any
conclusion at all.
In the fourth place, the argument has also committed a false analogy
fallacy. The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in
all respects, and the author assumes without justification that all things
are equal, and that the background conditions have remained the same at
different times or at different locations. There is, however, no guarantee
that this is the case. Nor does the author cite any evidence to support
this assumption. Lacking this assumption, the conclusion that … is
entirely unfounded. In fact, it is highly doubtful that the facts drawn
from B are applicable to A. Differences between A and B clearly out weight
the similarities, thus making the analogy highly less than valid. For
example, A..., however, B.... Thus, it is likely much more difficult for B
to do....
In addition, the conclusion unjustifiably relies on the poll while the
validity of the survey itself is doubtful. The poll cited by the author is
too vague to be informative. The claim does not indicate who, when, how and
by whom the survey is conducted, neither does it mention what is the sample
size, or how the samples are selected. Until these questions are answered
the results are worthless as evidence to support that….
Besides, the author assumes that A and B are mutually exclusive
alternatives. However, the author has never offered any reasons or
evidences for imposing an either/or choice. Common sense and observation
tells us that adjoining both A and B might produce better results.
To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in
the analysis does not lend strong support to what the author claims. To
make the argument more convincing concerning…. , the arguer would have to
provide more information that………………. The arguer should also
demonstrate that……………….to make this argument logically acceptable.
Since the author commits the above mentioned logical mistakes and fails to
consider the whole situation comprehensively, his ideas should not be
adopted. The conclusion would be strengthened if he….
In conclusion, the arguer fails to substantiate his claim that …. Because
the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the
arguer claims. To strengthen the argument, the arguer must convince us
that…. In addition, the arguer could have to provide more precise
information to support his claim.
It is entirely possible that management has become lax regarding any number
of factors that can affect the bottom line such as inferior products,
careless product pricing, inefficient production, poor employee expense
monitoring, ineffective advertising, sloppy buying policies and other
wasteful spending
重点词汇abhorrence n. 厌恶，憎恨
absenteeism n. 旷工，旷课
abstain v. 弃权
admonition n. 忠告，警告
aerobics n. 有氧运动法
aghast a. 疾病（尤指微恙），不宁
algorithm n. 算法
alienation n. 疏远；异化
altruistic a. 利他的；利他主义的
ameliorate vt. 改善，改进
amenable a. 肯顺从的；服从的
anathema n. 令人厌恶的事；受诅咒的事
anemic a. 无力，贫血的
anesthetize v. 麻痹，使麻痹
apathy n. 缺乏感情或兴趣，冷漠
attrition n. 磨损，消耗
bail n. 保释，保证金，保证人
bailout n. 紧急援助（尤指经济上的援助）
balk v. 妨碍，阻挡
barring prep. 不包括，除非
batter v. 打坏，猛击
beauxarts n. 美术，艺术（包括绘画，雕塑，建筑，音乐等）
bipartisanship n. 两党合作
blurry a. 模糊的， 清楚的
bout n. 回合，较量
boutique n. 精品店
broker n. 经纪人
bulge n. 膨胀、凸出部分，暴涨，突增
buoyant a. 看涨的
buyout n. 全部买下
canny a. 谨慎的，精明的，节约的
catalyst n. 催化剂
caveat n. 警告，告诫
celestial a. 天上的
chastise v. 严惩，惩罚
chic a. 别致的
coercive a. 强制的，强迫的
cohort n. 一群
coma n. 昏迷，昏迷状态；昏睡
comeback n. 恢复，复原
commonality n. 共性，共同特征
compendium n. 纲要，概略
concur vi. 同意，赞成
confiscate vt. 没收，征用
confluence n. 汇合
confound vt. 使混淆，把……搞混，挫败，讨厌
congregant n. 聚会者，尤指为宗教崇拜而聚集起来的人
consistence n. 密度
conspiratorial a. 阴谋的，阴谋者的
constituency n. 顾客；赞助者；选区居民
constraint n. 约束，强制，局促
counterweight n. 平衡物
critique n. 批评
crunch n. 由于缺少时间或资源而产生的危机
curator n. 馆长，监护人
curtail v. 限制；缩短；减缩
cynic n. 愤世嫉俗者；玩世不恭者；好挖苦人者
dagger n. 短剑，匕首
deadlock n. 僵局
debilitation n. 使虚弱，使衰弱
decimate vt. 每十人杀一人，大批杀害
decimation n. 大批杀害（倒闭）
deductible a. 可扣除的
deferral n. 延期
defiantly ad. 挑战地，对抗地
deity n. 神，神性
deluge n. 大洪水，泛滥
demographic ad. 人口的
dent v. 削弱，减少
derail v. 出轨，脱轨跑出轨道或使脱离轨道
derange v. 使错乱，扰乱
destabilize v. 使不稳定
deter v. 阻止
dire a. 可怕的
disciple n. 信徒，弟子，门徒
disparity n. 不一致，不同，不等，差异
perge v. 泄露，暴露
drench v. 湿透
drove n. 畜群
eclectic a. 折衷的，折衷学派的
ensue v. 跟着发生，继起
entrepreneurship n. 企业家的身分
envision vt. 想像，预想
ephemeral a. 短暂的
episodically ad. 偶发地
eradicate v. 根除
euthanasia n. 安乐死
expatriate a. 定居在国外的；移居国外的
falter v. 犹豫，支吾
fanatical a. 狂热的，盲信的
filthy a. 不洁的，污秽的，丑恶的
flashpoint n. 触发点，重大事件的地点
fuzzy a. 有绒毛的，模糊的，失真的
gadget n. 小器具，小配件，小玩意
genome n. 基因组
glamour n.［亦作glamor］魔力，魅力
hip a. 时髦的，新潮的
hobble v.蹒跚，妨碍，阻碍
horde n. 游牧部落
hunch n. 篱笆，栏，障碍
icon n. 图标，肖像，偶像
imagery n. 肖像（总称），比喻，雕刻
imminently ad. 迫切地，紧急地
impede v. 阻止，阻碍
inception n. 起初
incidence n. 影响范围
incumbent a. 职责所在的，负有……义务的
indelible a. 去不掉的，不能拭除的
inertia n. 惰性；惯性
inexorable a. 无情的
infestation n. 出没，横行
inflict n. 遭受的惩罚、打击
influx n. 流入、汇集、大量到达
infuriating a. 令人发怒的
ingest vt. 摄取，咽下，吸收
introspection n. 内省，反省，自省
inundate v. 淹没
irate a. 生气，发怒的
itching a. 渴望的
jingle n. 诗文
lambaste v. 斥责
lament n. 挽诗， 悼词
legion n. 众多，大批
litigation n. 诉讼
locale n. 现场，场所
logistical a. 后勤的，物流的
makeover n.
malaria n. 疟疾
mammalian a. 哺乳动物的
marathon n. 马拉松
marijuana n. 大麻
mega a. 大
mentor n. 顾问，导师，指导者
metaphor n. ［修辞］ 隐喻，暗喻，比喻说话
methodology n. 方法学，方法论
migratory a. 迁徙的
minuscule a. 极小的
mire n. 泥潭
mitigate v. 减轻，减缓，节制
mutation n. 变化，（生物物种的）突变
myriad a. 无数的，种种的
naivete n. 天真烂漫，纯真无邪
nanotechnology n. 纳米技术，略作nanotech
neurological a. 神经学上的
nomad n. 游牧部落的人，流浪者，游牧民
nostalgia n. 思家病，乡愁，向往过去，怀旧之情
obesity n. 肥胖，肥大
ostentatious a. 夸张的；虚饰的；招摇的
outlay n. 费用
outrageous a. 蛮横的，无耻的
overdue a. 迟到的
palpable a. 可触知的，明显的
pandemic a. 全国流行的
parity n. 同等、相等
pathetic a. 可怜的，悲惨的
pathogenic a. 致病的，病原的
pathogens n. 病原体（物）
pathologist n. 病理学者
peertopeer n. 对等网络，对等
pesticide n. 杀虫剂
petrochemical a. 石化的n. 石化产品
pharmaceutical a. 制药（学）上的
philologist n. 语言学者，文献学者
piecemeal a. 一个个的，零散的
pitfall n. 隐患，陷阱，圈套
placebo n. 安慰剂
portraiture n. 肖像画法
posterity n. 子孙，后裔
precipitate v. 促成，猛抛
predisposition n. 倾向、趋势
preordain v. 预定，预先注定命运
prescient a. 预见的
prestigious a. 享有声望的，声望很高的
primate n. 灵长类的动物
prognosis n. ［医］预后，预断（医生对病情的预测）
proliferation n. 增殖，分芽繁殖
promulgate vt. 发布，公布，传播
Providence n. 天意，上帝，神的眷顾
psychosis n. 精神病
pulpit n. （教堂的）讲道坛
punitive a. 刑罚的，惩罚性的
pun n. 双关语
purport v. 声称；意图，企图；目的在于
quivering a. 颤抖的
rail v. 抱怨
rattle v. 使紊乱，使烦恼
ravage v. 毁坏，掠夺
rebuke n. 非难；责难
recapitulate v. 重述要点，概括
remittance n. 汇款
render v. 涂抹
renown n. 名声，传闻，谣传
residual a. 剩余的、残留的
resurrect v. 复兴
resuscitate v. 使复苏
rigorous a. 严厉的，严格的
rudiment n. 基础；基本原理（知识）；（pl.）
saddle v. 承受
salutary a. 有益的
savvy n. 机智，悟性
scenario n. 预料或期望的一系列事件的梗概或模式
scourge n. 苦难的根源，灾祸
scrutiny n. 详细审查
secular a. 世俗的；非宗教的；现世的，尘世的
semblance n. 外表，伪装
sevenfold
shrine n 神殿，神祠
shun vt. 避开，避免
skyrocket n. 流星焰火
slash v. 大量削减
sluggish a. 行动迟缓的
smolder v. 闷烧的
somber a. 阴森的，昏暗的，阴天的，忧郁的
specter n. 鬼，幽灵；缭绕心头的恐惧（或忧虑等）
speculative a. 投机的
spike v. 用长而尖之物刺，穿刺
starkly ad. 完全地
sterile a. 消毒的
stigma n. 污名
stylishly n. ［美］创造新式样的人
subsidiary n. 附属者，子公司
superintendent n. 主管，负责人，指挥者，管理者
surveillance n. 监视，监督
tarnish v. 失去光泽，污损
tenacity n.
thrifty a. 节约的
ubiquitous a. 到处存在的，普遍存在的
upshot n. 结果
uptick n. 上涨；上升，尤指递增性的增加
veterinarian n. 兽医
vex vt. 使烦恼，恼怒
villain n. 坏人，恶棍
virulent a. 致命的，剧毒的
visitant n. 贵宾
waning a. 渐亏的，逐渐减弱或变小的
wield v. 支配；掌握
workout n. 锻炼，训练
wrath n. 愤怒